Original Article

Year : 2021 | Volume : 9 | Issue : 1 | Page : 12-19

Impact of Dental Care on Oral Health Perception, Quality of Life and Behavior: An Observational Study in a Nigerian Rural Community

Ukachi Chiwendu Nnawuihe, Oyinkansola O. Sofola1 , Sunny A. Okeigbemen2

Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo‐City, 1 Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Lagos, Lagos, 2

Department of Preventive Dentistry, University of Benin, Benin‐City, Nigeria

Address for correspondence:

Dr. Ukachi Chiwendu Nnawuihe,

Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, P.M.B 536, Ondo‐City, Ondo State, Nigeria. E‐mail: nnawuihe@unimed.edu.ng

Abstract

Objective:

Dental care may improve oral health behavior because of its potential to influence oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) and self‐perception. The study objective was to examine the impact of dental care on OHRQoL and self‐perception and their consequent effect on oral health behavior in rural dwelling adults.

Methods:

Randomly selected 403 participants were examined pre‐ and post‐uptake of dental care in Udo rural community. Information on oral health behavior was obtained with questionnaires. Global rating of oral health and General Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) were used to measure self‐perceived oral health and OHRQoL. Normative assessment was done according to the World Health Organization Oral Health Survey criteria. Data were analyzed using SPSS (IBM) version 21.0 at 95% confidence interval (CI) and test for significance set at (P < 0.05).

Findings:

The mean age (±standard deviation) of the study participants was 36.1 ± 15.8 with males 258 (52.7%) and females 232 (47.3%). Only 28.4% cleaned their teeth ≥2 daily, and 15.3% consumed refined sugar <1 daily. A total of 200 (40.8%) participants rated their oral health as good. Low OHRQoL was noted in 256 (52.2%) participants. Postdental care, better oral health self‐rating was noted in 335 (83.1%) participants. Mean GOHAI scores rose from 29.42 ± 4.96 to 35.39 ± 1.32 (∆effect size = 1.2). Participants who reported better oral health perception and OHRQoL were more likely to improve on their tooth cleaning habits (odds ratio [OR] =1.875, 95% CI: 1.09–3.22, P = 0.023) and reduce the frequency in daily refined sugar consumption (OR = 2.170,95% CI: 1.10–4.27, P = 0.025).

Conclusion:

Dental care improved self‐perceived oral health and OHRQoL. Improvements in self‐perceived oral health and OHRQoL can be used as the predictors of behavioral change in the study population.

Keywords: Dental care, oral health behavior, quality of life, rural Nigeria, self‐perception

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

Nnawuihe UC, Sofola OO, Okeigbemen SA. Impact of dental care on oral health perception, quality of life and behavior: An observational study in a Nigerian rural community. Int J Community Dent 2021;9:12-9.

Review Article

Year : 2021 | Volume : 9 | Issue : 1 | Page : 6 - 11

Dental Home

R. Ramesh, S. Nandan, S. H. Krishnamoorthy, Allwin Antony, R. Geetha1

Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, KVG Dental College and Hospital, Sullia, Karnataka, India, 1

General Dental Surgeon, Al Fahaleel, Kuwait

Address for correspondence:

Dr. R. Ramesh,

Tc 85/1984 (2), Geetha Bhavan, Seeveli Nagar, Kaithamukku, Trivandrum ‐ 695 024, Kerala, India.

E‐mail: rameshkdc@gmail.com

Abstract

The Dental Home is a concept that comes from the American Academy of Pediatrics’ “medical home.” A “medical home” is a pediatrician’s practice where a child has a relationship with that care provider. It is well-established that children that have a medical home are healthier, have fewer hospitalizations and emergency room visits. They also have better managed chronic illnesses. This is because of the “patient centered / family centered” approach of the medical home where doctors are accountable to developing sustained partnerships with patients and families to address a majority of their healthcare needs. Similar to the medical home, the dental home offers the patients comprehensive, continuous, prevention-based care that is accessible, family-centered, compassionate, and culturally competent. Citing strong clinical evidence that early preventive dental care promotes oral health, the AAPD declared that “the establishment of a dental home may follow the medical home model as a cost-effective and higher quality health care alternative to emergency care situations”.

Keywords: American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, anticipatory guidance, dental home

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

Ramesh R, Nandan S, Krishnamoorthy SH, Antony A, Geetha R. Dental home. Int J Community Dent 2021;9:6-11.

Review Article

Year : 2021 | Volume : 9 | Issue : 1 | Page : 1 - 5

Oral Health Care Programs for Children: A Literature Review

Deema Abdul Khader, Faizal C. Peedikayil

Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Kannur Dental College, Anjarakandy, Kerala, India

Address for correspondence:

Dr. Deema Abdul Khader,

Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Kannur Dental College, Anjarakandy, Kerala, India.

E‐mail: dr.deemamak@gmail.com

Abstract

Oral diseases are one of the most common diseases found in humans. They can produce serious problems such as pain and discomfort leading to disability, impairment and handicap. Researchers suggest that poor oral health may be associated with medical conditions such as diabetes, pneumonia, and stroke. Some medical conditions do have oral manifestations as well. Despite their high social and economic burdens, oral diseases receive little attention in many countries and remain neglected. Children are especially at higher risk for being in the group of neglect in case of treatment of oral diseases are considered. To overcome this situation in our country, various oral health care programs have been implemented by both central as well as state government for the children. Various community‐level programs, Anganwadi programs and school‐level programs were developed like mid‐day meal scheme, fluoride programs, tooth brushing programs, nutrition programs, health‐promoting schools, tobacco‐free schools, and oral health care program for special children like special smiles project. Seal‐it, Arogya Jagratha and Ardram mission are some of the programs developed by state governments through primary health centers and through accredited social health activist (ASHA) workers. Still disparities are present in the quality of pediatric dental care. This review article highlights various oral health care programs for children in India.

Keywords: Oral health care program, school dental health program, tobacco‐free schools

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

Khader DA, Peedikayil FC. Oral health care programs for children: A literature review. Int J Community Dent 2021;9:1-5.

Letter to Editor

Year : 2020 | Volume : 8 | Issue : 2 | Page : 23 - 28

Dental Caries and Body Mass Index: A Cross-Sctional Study among Urban Schoolchildren of Age between 7 and 15 Years in Chennai, India

Anusha Raghavan, Krishnan Lakshmi, Parangimalar Diwakar Madan Kumar

Department of Public Health Dentistry, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Address for correspondence:

Dr. Anusha Raghavan, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Ragas Dental College and Hospital,

2/102, East Coast Road, Uthandi, Chennai ‐ 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India.

E‐mail: anu1705@gmail.com

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

Raghavan A, Lakshmi K, Kumar PD. Dental caries and body mass index: A cross-sectional study among urban schoolchildren of age between 7 and 15 years in Chennai, India. Int J Comm Dent 2020;8:23-4.

Original Article

Year : 2020 | Volume : 8 | Issue : 2 | Page : 18 - 22

A BITTER SWEET! Effectiveness of Chocolates and Probiotic Chocolates in Reduction of Streptococcus mutans – An In vitro Study

J. Balaji, Parvathy Premnath1 , Lakshmi Ravi2 , Kanakam Elizabeth Thomas3

CRRI, Asan Memorial Dental College and Hospital, 1 Senior Lecturer, Department of Public Health Dentistry, 2 Head of the Department, Department of Orthodontics, 3Associate professor, Department of Microbiology, Asan Memorial Dental College and Hospital, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India

Address for correspondence:

Dr. J. Balaji, Asan Memorial Dental College and Hospital, Asan Nagar, Oragadam Road,

Chengalpattu ‐ 603 105, Tamil Nadu, India.

E‐mail: balaji.great2521@gmail.com

Abstract

Context:

Dental caries is the most common type of dental problem known to mankind, and the bacterial species‐Streptococcus mutans (S.mutans) is known to initiate it, thus playing a significant role in dental caries formation. Theobromine in dark chocolate and probiotics are known for anticariogenic and antibacterial properties.

Aims:

The aim of this study is to find the effectiveness of white chocolate, dark chocolate, and probiotic‐infused dark chocolate against S. mutans. Subjects and Methods: Blood‐infused Mueller–Hinton agar was prepared with three wells. Twenty grams of chocolate were dispersed in each well. Chlorhexidine and saline were used as positive and negative control. The agar plate was then streaked with S. mutans. These prepared culture media was then allowed to incubate at 37°C for a time period of about 24 h under sterile environment. Finally, the diameters of the zone of inhibition were measured using the Hi Antibiotic Zone Scale. ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test were used for statistical. Statistical Analysis Used: ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test were used for statistical.

Results:

On comparison, probiotic‐infused dark chocolate shows the greatest zone of inhibition (16.83 ± 1.329) followed by chlorhexidine (15.18 ± 1.458) which is then followed by dark chocolate (11.33 ± 1.751) and white chocolate (7.17 ± 1.835), and finally normal saline which showed no zone of inhibition. On overall evaluation using ANOVA, the statistically significant difference was found out (P < 0.001). Intergroup comparison was performed using Tukey’s post hoc test, whose P < 0.001 thus being statistically significant.

Conclusion:

Among all the different kinds of chocolates used in the study, probiotic‐infused dark chocolate showed the greatest anti‐microbial activity against S. mutans.

Keywords: Chocolates, dental caries, probiotics, Streptococcus mutans, theobromine

How to cite this article:

Balaji J, Premnath P, Ravi L, Thomas KE. A BITTER SWEET! Effectiveness of chocolates and probiotic chocolates in reduction of Streptococcus mutans – An in vitro study. Int J Community Dent 2020;8:18-22.

Original Article

Year : 2020 | Volume : 8 | Issue : 2 | Page : 13 - 20

Music as a Nonpharmacological Methodology for Dental Anxiety Management in Routine Dental Procedures during COVID-19 Pandemic

Snehal Kailash Yerne

Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Swargiya Dadasaheb Kalmegh Smruti Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India

Address for correspondence:

Dr. Snehal Kailash Yerne,

3rd Bus Stop, Gopal Nagar, Ameya Apartment 303, Nagpur ‐ 440 022, Maharashtra, India.

E‐mail: sweetsnehal2929@gmail.com

Abstract

Background:

Dental anxiety is one of the key reasons behind patient’s unwillingness to seek dental treatment. It is quite challenging to manage and hinders the ability of dentist to deliver the best dental treatment. Many nonpharmacological therapies have been introduced to manage dental anxiety, and music therapy is one of such therapy.

Aim and Objective:

The aim of the study was to assess whether music has an effect in reducing anxiety levels in patients during routine dental procedures. This was a randomized control experimental study.

Materials and Methods: In this study, 100 patients (mean age: 32 years) from the Outpatient Department of SDKSDC, Nagpur, India, who volunteered and consented to participate in the study were included in the study. Inclusion criteria were patients who require only routine dental treatment. Participants were randomly assigned into two groups: the control group (n = 50) and the study group (n = 50). Patients in the study group were exposed to relaxing, low tempo music through headphones during routine dental procedures which include scaling and restorative procedure. Both groups were assessed using Corah’s dental anxiety scale, blood pressure, and heart rate, before and after treatment.

Results:

Music therapy was effective in reducing anxiety during the procedures; participants in the study group had significantly lower anxiety scores compared to the control group.

Conclusion:

Music therapy has been shown to be an effective nonpharmacological approach to reduce dental

anxiety among patients during routine dental procedures.

Keywords: Coronavirus, dental anxiety, music therapy, COVID‐19

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

Yerne SK. Music as a nonpharmacological methodology for dental anxiety management in routine dental procedures during COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Comm Dent 2020;8:13-7.

Review Article

Year : 2020 | Volume : 8 | Issue : 2 | Page : 09 - 12

Tobacco Consumption as a Risk Factor for Coronavirus Disease 2019?

Snehal Yerne

Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Swargiya Dadasaheb Kalmegh Smruti Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India

Address for correspondence:

Dr. Snehal Yerne, Swargiya Dadasaheb Kalmegh Smruti Dental College and Hospital, Ameya

Apartment, Gopal Nagar, Nagpur ‐ 440 022, Maharashtra, India.

E‐mail: sweetsnehal2929@gmail.com

Abstract

In December 2019, a novel coronavirus, now named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), caused a series of acute atypical respiratory diseases in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. After virus identification and isolation, the pathogen for this pneumonia was originally called 2019 novel CoV‐2, but has subsequently been officially named SARS‐CoV‐2 by the WHO. On January 30, 2020, the WHO declared the outbreak of SARS‐CoV‐2 a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Compared with the SARS‐CoV that caused an outbreak of SARS in 2003, SARS‐CoV‐2 has a stronger transmission capacity. The rapid increase in confirmed cases makes the prevention and control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) extremely serious. The virus is transmittable between humans and has caused pandemic worldwide. The number of death tolls continues to rise, and a large number of countries have been forced to do social distancing and lockdown. Lack of targeted therapy continues to be a problem. Studies have shown that SARS‐CoV‐2 infects host cells through angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 receptors, leading to COVID‐19‐related pneumonia, while also causing acute myocardial injury and chronic damage to the cardiovascular system. The gastrointestinal symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, appetite loss, nausea, and vomiting, and neurologic symptoms include cerebrovascular strokes and encephalitis.

Keywords: Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2, coronavirus disease 2019, Guillain–Barre syndrome, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

Yerne S. Tobacco consumption as a risk factor for coronavirus disease 2019? Int J Comm Dent 2020;8:9-12.

Original Article

Year : 2020 | Volume : 8 | Issue : 1 | Page : 04 -07

Assessment of Knowledge and Anxiety among Dentists in the State of Himachal Pradesh toward the COVID‐19 Pandemic

Parveen Dahiya, Anushika Pajnoo1, Asheema Malhotra2 , Rajan Gupta3 Professor, 3

HOD and Professor, 1,2Department of Periodontology, Himachal Institute of Dental Sciences, Paonta Sahib, Himachal Pradesh, India

Address for correspondence:

Dr. Parveen Dahiya,

Department of Periodontology, Himachal Institute of Dental Sciences, Paonta Sahib, Himachal Pradesh, India.

E‐mail: parveen_132@yahoo.com

Abstract

Background:

During the early days of March, the surge of COVID‐19 patients was evident in India. Effective control measures were adopted timely to overcome this deadly pandemic, but the limited knowledge among the researchers as well as the healthcare professionals caused it to be a worldwide pandemic and created a scare throughout the world.

Aim:

In this survey, we aim to study the knowledge and anxiety among dentists in the state of Himachal Pradesh toward the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Materials and Methods:

An online survey was conducted among general dentists studying or practicing in the state of Himachal Pradesh, with a sample size of 670 dentists based on convenience sampling. A self‐developed online questionnaire was formulated comprising 24 questions. It was divided into demography, knowledge, and anxiety, with each having 4, 11, and 9 questions, respectively. Results: The survey revealed that the responders had adequate knowledge regarding COVID‐19 as well as effective preventive measures to protect themselves as well as their families. Around 70% of people were well aware of the clinical manifestations of the virus. Anxiety was observed among dentists due to the rapidly progressing nature of this virus throughout the world. Around 50% of the people were anxious about facing any health‐related issues due to corona infection. Conclusion: Thus, we feel there is a need for better sources of knowledge regarding this pandemic and methods to protect oneself, as well as care for the good mental health of the dentists.

Keywords: Anxiety, COVID‐19, dentists, knowledge, pandemic

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

Dahiya P, Pajnoo A, Malhotra A, Gupta R. Assessment of knowledge and anxiety amongst dentists in the state of Himachal Pradesh towards the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Comm Dent 2020;8:4-7.

Original Article

Year : 2020 | Volume : 8 | Issue : 1 | Page : 1 - 3

Evaluation of Tobacco Cessation Counseling Program and the Challenges Identified

S. Saravanan, K. R. Lenin1 Professor and Head, 1

Assistant Professor, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Mahatma Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Puducherry, India

Address for correspondence:

Dr. S. Saravanan,

Department of Public Health Dentistry, Mahatma Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Puducherry ‐ 605 006, India. E‐mail: subasarav20@gmail.com

Abstract

Background:

The prevalence of tobacco use is high in India, with nearly half of males and one‐fifth of females using tobacco in some form. An effort has been made to offer help to quit tobacco use among patients by initiating tobacco cessation counseling (TCC) services in our Institution. The aim was to assess the effectiveness of TCC program among tobacco users.

Methods:

The evaluation of the TCC program was carried out by reviewing of records enrolled from January 2014 to March 2016. The baseline information of the enrolled subjects was assessed for tobacco use status. The post-intervention follow‐up details of the current tobacco users were analyzed for quit status, and the tobacco quit rate was determined. Chi‐square test was applied for statistical analysis.

Results:

Of the 1472 current tobacco users, 95.9% were males and 4.1% were females. An overall quit rate of 5.2% was recorded with women having 2.73 times higher quit rate than men (P = 0.004). Losses to follow‐up were very high.

Conclusion:

A lower tobacco quit rate was recorded due to high losses to follow‐up. Integration of proactive follow‐up measures while designing the public health program is required, to overcome the challenge “high losses to follow‐up” and to achieve a better response and outcome.

Keywords: Behavioral counseling, challenges in tobacco cessation counseling, evaluation of tobacco cessation counseling, tobacco cessation counseling, tobacco quit ratechallenges in tobacco cessation

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

Saravanan S, Lenin KR. Evaluation of tobacco cessation counseling program and the challenges identified. Int J Comm Dent 2020;8:1-3.

Orginal Article

Year : 2019 | Volume : 7 | Issue : 2 | Page : 42-48

Evaluation of Deproteinization on Clinical Success and Longevity of Pit and Fissure Sealants on Erupting Permanent First Molars – An In vivo Study

K. B. Roopa, Ashwin Bahanan Abraham, P. Poornima, K. Mallikarjuna, N. B. Nagaveni, I. E. Neena

Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, Karnataka, India

Address for correspondence:

Dr. Ashwin Bahanan Abraham,

Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, Karnataka, India.

E‐mail: drashwinabraham@gmail.com

Abstract

Objective: Higher protein content in the maturing enamel could hamper adequate etching for sealant application. Removing the organic contentcould improve its adhesion due surface alterations in the enamel. To enhance retention of sealants, higher protein content in immature permanent molar enamel could be deproteinized with sodium hypochlorite. Hence, the purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of deproteinization with 5% sodium hypochlorite before and after acid etching on the longevity of pit and fissure sealants.

Methodology:

One hundred and five immature first permanent molar in 35 children aged 6–9 years were included. In Group A, a protocol of etching, bonding and sealant application was followed. In Group B and Group C, deproteinization was done after and before etching, respectively, followed by bonding and sealant application. Groups were examined at 3, 6, and 9 months for sealant retention using Simonsen’s criteria.

Results:

Intergroup comparison for retained sealants across all three groups over 9 months revealed that retention is more in Group A, followed by Group B and least in Group C.

Conclusion:

Deproteinization does not have an added advantage in the retention of pit and fissure sealant over routine acid etching method. Deproteinization after etching is better compared to deproteinization before etching.

Keywords: Deproteinization, longevity, pit and fissure, sealants retention, sodium hypochlorite

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

Roopa KB, Abraham AB, Poornima P, Mallikarjuna K, Nagaveni NB, Neena IE. Evaluation of deproteinization on clinical success and longevity of pit and fissure sealants on erupting permanent first molars – An In vivo study. Int J Community Dent 2019;7:42-8.

Original Article

Year : 2019 | Volume : 7 | Issue : 2 | Page : 39 - 41

Prevalence of Dental Caries among 5 & 12 Years Old Children ‐ A Retrospective Data Analysis

Prabhu Subramani, A. J. Abishiny Mickey

Department of Public Health Dentistry, Asan Memorial Dental College and Hospital, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India

Address for correspondence:

Dr. Prabhu Subramani,

Department of Public Health Dentistry, Asan Memorial Dental College and

Hospital, Oragadam Main Road, Keerapakkam, Chengalpattu ‐ 603 105, Tamil Nadu, India.

E‐mail: prabhu.dent@gmail.com

Abstract

Background:

Dental caries is an important social problem in India and is predominantly a disease of childhood. While there has been a great decline of caries incidence in high‐income countries, the middle‐ and low‐income countries suffer a high rate of incidence. It is due to the increasing consumption of refined carbohydrates, poor oral hygiene, and lack of dental awareness. This study aimed at the prevalence of dental caries among 5‐ and 12‐year‐old children in Tirukalukundram Taluk.

Materials and Methods:

A retrospective data analysis was performed with the data collected from the government school students in Tirukalukundram Taluk in 2018–2019. Registers containing data were screened for dental caries.

Results:

Among 515 study participants, 291 were male and 224 were female . The prevalence of dental caries is high among male compared to female children.

Conclusion:

The prevalence of dental caries is high in 5‐year‐old children than 12–year‐old children. The filled component is nil in 5‐year‐old children. This clearly illustrates the utilization pattern of dental care services by the children. Hence, efforts should be taken to educate the rural people and government schoolchildren on oral hygiene and its maintenance.

Keywords: Children, dental caries, India

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

Subramani P, Mickey AJ. Prevalence of dental caries among 5 & 12 years old children - A retrospective data analysis. Int J Community Dent 2019;7:39-41.

Original Article

Year : 2019 | Volume : 7 | Issue : 2 | Page : 34-38

Association between Nicotine Dependence and Exhaled Carbon Monoxide Level among Truck Drivers in Chennai City

Monica Gurupriya Mohanram, Madan Kumar Parangimalai Diwakar

Department of Public Health Dentistry, Ragas Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Address for correspondence:

Dr. Monica Gurupriya Mohanram,

2/102, SH49, Uthandi, Chennai ‐ 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India.

E‐mail: gurupriya.monica@gmail.com

Abstract

Background:

Between 2009 and 2016, India has made progress in reducing the prevalence of the use of both smoked and smokeless forms of tobacco. Efforts to quit tobacco use have increased, but successful quitting remains low. One of the known factors that hindered smoking cessation is nicotine dependence. There are two methods of measurement that are currently being used in order to assess the nicotine dependence, a self‐reported method by the smokers, and the other being biochemical assessment of nicotine metabolite. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of smokers among truck drivers in Chennai city and to assess the association between the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and the exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) level among them.

Materials and Method:

A cross‐sectional study was conducted with a convenient sample of 493 truck drivers above 18 years of age. Dependence was assessed using the modified FTND scale. A CO breath analyzer was used to assess the amount of CO in the breath.

Results:

The mean age of the participants was 38.92 ± 10.43 ranging from 19 to 75 years. Nicotine dependence of smokers had a significant moderate correlation with CO level.

Conclusions:

The result of the present study showed that the exhaled CO level was associated with self‐reported nicotine dependence and it may serve as a more objective method in detecting smoking.

Keywords: Carbon monoxide level, nicotine dependence, Tobacco

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

Mohanram MG, Parangimalai Diwakar MK. Association between nicotine dependence and exhaled carbon monoxide level among truck drivers in Chennai City. Int J Community Dent 2019;7:34-8.

Review Article

Year : 2019 | Volume : 7 | Issue : 2 | Page : 29 - 33

Dental Caries Prevalence of Children in Kerala: A Paradigm Shift Needed toward a Kerala Model of Health

Faizal C. Peedikayil, Akhila Ansari

Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Kannur Dental College, Kannur, Kerala, India

Address for correspondence:

Dr. Akhila Ansari, Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Kannur Dental College,

Anjarakandy, Kannur, Kerala, India.

E‐mail: kdcpedo@gmail.com

Abstract

Kerala state in India ranks high in the health‐care indicators and is considered to be giving high importance in primary health care. This review of literature was done to know the the prevalence of dental caries in children below 16 years of age in Kerala State. Online search for articles in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar fetched 15 articles. The prevalence of caries in those articles was reviewed and discussed with other studies and systematic reviews published recently on the dental caries in India. This review shows that the prevalence of dental caries in children is high. Considering the status of Kerala in health‐care facilities and reach to the grassroots level, it is recommended that government can bring about new initiatives to decrease the prevalence of dental caries in Kerala.

Keywords: Caries prevalence, dental caries, early childhood caries

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

Peedikayil FC, Ansari A. Dental caries prevalence of children in Kerala: A paradigm shift needed toward a Kerala model of health. Int J Community Dent 2019;7:29-33.

Case Report

Year : 2019 | Volume : 7 | Issue : 1 | Page : 24 - 27

Medication Use for Glaucoma Contributing to a High Caries Risk

Afolabi Oyapero, Cynthia O. Amadasun1 , Olufemi O. Olagundoye

Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Lagos State University College of Medicine, 1

Department of Restorative Dentistry, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria

Address for correspondence:

Dr. Afolabi Oyapero,

Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Lagos State

University College of Medicine, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria. E‐mail: fola_ba@yahoo.com

Abstract

Dental caries is a chronic, transmissible disease of multifactorial etiology. There are a number of factors involved in the process of caries development. Xerostomia, resulting from medication use, may act synergistically with other known caries risk factors and indicators. We present a case report of a patient with high caries risk complicated by reduced salivary flow due to medications used in the treatment of glaucoma (Brimodin and Xalacom). A 36‐year‐old woman presented was referred to the Preventive Dentistry Clinic of the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Nigeria, on account of a 3‐week history of toothache in the upper right quadrant. She had a high caries risk and a decayed, missing, and filled teeth index of 19. Consumption of cariogenic meals, poor plaque control, and treatment of glaucoma since childhood, with xerogenic medication, including xalacom and brimodin were determined to be part of the multifactorial etiology in this case. After relief of pain through pulp extirpation, the patient motivation and counseling on caries process, the need for good oral hygiene, and proper diet were done. Scaling and polishing were also done in addition to fluoride therapy and chemical plaque control. Improvement of salivary flow with the use of sugar‐free chewing gum, artificial saliva, and frequent sipping of small quantities of water was also prescribed while the patient was referred to the restorative and oral surgery units for extraction of retained roots, composite fillings, and denture fabrication. Patients that present to any dental clinic with multiple carious lesions must be reviewed by the preventive dentistry specialists and have their caries risk assessed. It is also imperative that ophthalmologists include a dental consultation in the overall management of their patients, especially when they prescribe medication that has known oral side effects.

Keywords: Dental caries, glaucoma, medication, risk factors

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

Oyapero A, Amadasun CO, Olagundoye OO. Medication use for glaucoma contributing to a high caries risk. Int J Community Dent 2019;7:24-7.

Original Article

Year : 2019 | Volume : 7 | Issue : 1 | Page : 19 - 23

Knowledge of Yoga and Its Health Benefits among Dentists in South Kerala, India

Benley George, Shibu Thomas Sebastian, Rino Roopak Soman1, Minimol K. Johny2

Departments of Public Health Dentistry, 1 Periodontology and 2 Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Pushpagiri College of Dental Sciences, Tiruvalla, Kerala, India

Address for correspondence:

Dr. Benley George, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Pushpagiri College of Dental

Sciences, Medicity, Perumthuruthy, Tiruvalla ‐ 689 107, Kerala, India.

E‐mail: georgebenley@yahoo.co.in

Abstract

Background:

Yoga as a holistic approach to health and is classified by the national institutes of health as a form of complementary and alternative medicine. Regular practice of yoga helps to build a better connectivity the mind and body through a series of postures, breathing exercises, and meditation.

Materials and Methods:

A cross‐sectional survey was carried out to assess the level of knowledge regarding yoga and its health benefits among dentists in South Kerala. A total of 280 dentists participated in the survey. The level of significance was set as P < 0.05.

Results:

The survey revealed that knowledge of yoga and its health benefits was highest among males when compared to females. The survey shows that 57.1% of dentists believe that yoga can have an impact on oral health. Only 27.1% and 21.4% of the dentist knew about Bikram yoga and Kapalbhati yoga, respectively.

Conclusion:

The survey reveals that dentists had less knowledge about yoga. Proper yoga training for dentists would help them develop a healthy lifestyle and reduce stress‐related health problems.

Keywords: Dentists, India, stress, yoga

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

George B, Sebastian ST, Soman RR, Johny MK. Knowledge of yoga and its health benefits among dentists in South Kerala,

India. Int J Community Dent 2019;7:19-23.

Original Article

Year : 2019 | Volume : 7 | Issue : 1 | Page : 15 - 18

Knowledge on History of Dentistry among Dental Graduates in Kerala, India

Benley George, Shibu Thomas Sebastian, Rino Roopak Soman1 , Minimol K. Johny2

Departments of Public Health Dentistry, 1 Periodontology and 2

Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Pushpagiri College of Dental Sciences, Tiruvalla, Kerala, India

Address for correspondence:

Dr. Benley George,

Department of Public Health Dentistry, Pushpagiri College of Dental Sciences, Tiruvalla, Kerala, India.

E‐mail: georgebenley@yahoo.co.in

Abstract

Background:

Ailments pertaining to teeth and jaws were treated in a general manner, not requiring the services of a specialist. It is logical that progress in dentistry would go hand in hand with the progress of dentistry made in ancient civilizations.

Materials and Methods:

The present study was an online questionnaire‐based survey among interns from six dental colleges across Kerala. The survey was conducted by a third party using a mobile application which consisted of nine questions in English. Two hundred and twenty‐eight participants had responded by participating in the survey. The level of significance was set as P < 0.05.

Results:

A total of 228 participants were included in the study. Among the study participants, 87.7% of the participants were female and 12.3% were male. The present study showed that 57.1% of males knew the location of the world’s first dental school when compared to females. The study revealed that only 36% of females and 14.3% of males knew when the first dental X‐ray was performed in a patient. Only 57.1% of males and 48% of females knew the fact that Dr. GV Black is regarded as the Grand Old Man of Dentistry.

Conclusion:

The present study showed that the level of knowledge about history of dentistry among dental graduates was less. The levels of knowledge about dentistry among male and female students were almost similar.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

George B, Sebastian ST, Soman RR, Johny MK. Knowledge on history of dentistry among dental graduates in Kerala, India. Int J Community Dent 2019;7:15-8.

Original Article

Year : 2019 | Volume : 7 | Issue : 1 | Page : 11 - 14

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Dental Students Regarding Medical Emergency Preparedness in Paonta Sahib, Himachal Pradesh

Priyanka Sharma, Pema Dorjee Khriney, Priyadarshani Pradhan, Priya Chettri, Pratick Dahal, Sumeet Bhatt

Department of Public Health Dentistry, Himachal Institute of Dental Sciences, Paonta Sahib, Himachal Pradesh, India

Address for correspondence:

Dr. Sumeet Bhatt,

Department of Public Health Dentistry, Himachal Institute of Dental Sciences, Paonta Sahib, Himachal Pradesh, India.

E‐mail: bhatt.sumeet@gmail.com

Abstract

Background:

Medical emergencies in dental clinics are sometimes life‐threatening situations requiring immediate attention. Dental professionals should have adequate skills to manage such emergencies in dental setup. The aim of this study was to investigate knowledge, attitude, and practices of dental students regarding medical emergency preparedness.

Materials and Methods:

One‐hundred and thirteen dental students(52 interns and 61 postgraduates) participated in this questionnaire‐based survey. Aclose‐ended pretested questionnaire consisting of 17 questions was used to assess the study parameters. Comparison of responses of interns and postgraduates was done using Chi‐square test. The level of significance for this study was fixed at P < 0.05.

Results:

Postgraduates had a better knowledge of diagnosis of medical emergencies than interns(P = 0.001). More postgraduates had attended a workshop on medical emergency management (P < 0.001) and had given intramuscular injections (P = 0.001) than interns.

Conclusions:

The basic knowledge and practices regarding medical emergency management were better in postgraduates than interns. Expertise in the management of medical emergencies is essential for dental health‐care professionals. Students should be trained better in medical emergency management at undergraduate level.

Keywords: Dental education, dental students, medical emergencies

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

Sharma P, Khriney PD, Pradhan P, Chettri P, Dahal P, Bhatt S. Knowledge, attitude, and practices of dental students regarding medical emergency preparedness in Paonta Sahib, Himachal Pradesh. Int J Community Dent 2019;7:11-4.

Original Article

Year : 2019 | Volume : 7 | Issue : 1 | Page : 7 - 10

Dental Caries and Body Mass Index: A Cross-Sectional Study among Urban Schoolchildren of age between 7 and 15 Years in Chennai, India

R. Anusha, Lakshmi Krishnan, Madan Kumar Parangimalar Diwakar

Department of Public Health Dentistry, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Address for correspondence:

Dr. R. Anusha,

Department of Public Health Dentistry, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, 2/102, East Coast Road, Uthandi, Chennai ‐ 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India. E‐mail: anu1705@gmail.com

Abstract

Objectives:

The objective of the study was to determine the association between dental caries and commonly proposed risk factors such as age, gender, body mass index (BMI), sugar intake, junk food consumption, and intermittent snacking habit among school‐going children of upper socioeconomic status in Chennai city.

Materials and Methods:

The present cross‐sectional study was carried out among 610 children of age between 7 and 15 years studying in a private school. A preformed content‐validated pro forma was used to collect the data regarding demographic details (age, gender, height, and weight), dietary pattern (sugar consumption in the past 24 h assessed through sweet score, snacking in between meals, and junk food consumption in the past 24 h), and dental chart (for the presence of decay, missing, filled, trauma, and other findings). Weight and height of the children were recorded, and BMI was calculated using the formula weight (kg)/height (m2).

Results:

On the whole, except for age and gender, none of the factors assessed including BMI, junk food intake, and snack intake were found to be associated with dental caries.

Conclusion:

With the changing dietary patterns and demography, the dynamic nature of dental caries is better assessed if approached in terms of common risk factors.

Keywords: Body mass index, Chennai city, children, dental caries, school

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

Anusha R, Krishnan L, Diwakar MP. Dental caries and body mass index: A cross-sectional study among urban schoolchildren of age between 7 and 15 years in Chennai, India. Int J Community Dent 2019;7:7-10.

Original Article

Year : 2019 | Volume : 7 | Issue : 1 | Page : 1- 6

Estimation and Correlation of the Amount of Fluoride Output in Urine after the Application of Fluoride Gel and Fluoride Varnish in Children with Early Childhood Caries

Savitha Sathya Prasad, Allwin Antony Thottathil, K. S. Neethu

Department of Pediatric Dentistry, KVG Dental College and Hospital, Dakshina, Karnataka, India

Address for correspondence:

Dr. K. S. Neethu,

Department of Pediatric Dentistry, KVG Dental College and Hospital, Kurunjibagh, Sullia, Dakshina, Karnataka, India.

E‐mail: neethuksadan@gmail.com

Abstract

Introduction:

As all the topical fluorides contain a high concentration of fluorides and it is started at an early age when the swallowing reflexes are not well established, there is every chance the child may ingest a high amount of fluoride. As there are inconsistencies related to the usage of fluoride varnish in children, there is a need to study the toxicological aspects of fluoride varnish.

Objectives:

The objectives of this study were to estimate the amount of fluoride output through urine after the application of fluoride varnish and gel and to assess the safety levels of the same in early childhood caries (ECC) patients.

Methodology:

This study was conducted on twenty ECC‐rehabilitated children of age group 4–6 years who were divided into two phases. In Phase I, the children were subjected to acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel, and in Phase II, they were subjected to Fluor Protector varnish. In Phase I, the urine samples of each child were collected for the estimation of fluoride level which was considered as the baseline sample. After the application of APF gel, two urine samples were collected at 24 and 48 h for the estimation of fluoride levels. The same children were included in Phase II and were given placebo dentifrice for 7 days before commencing the procedure. The same experiment was repeated after the application of Fluor Protector varnish, and the collected urine samples were subjected for the estimation of fluoride level in laboratory with the use of fluoride ion‐specific electrode and a miniature calomel reference electrode coupled to potentiometer. Values were recorded and the urinary fluoride concentration at different time intervals in each group was compared using the Friedman test followed by the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test.

Results:

The mean urinary fluoride concentration in Group 1 at 24 h was 1.09 (standard deviation [SD] = 0.52) and at 48 h 0.74 (SD = 0.44). The mean urinary fluoride concentration in Group 2 at 24 h was 1.18 (SD = 0.65) and at 48 h 0.94 (SD = 0.59). There was a gradual increase in the 24th‐h sample of both the groups, which also showed a decline of fluoride concentration at the 48th h. When both the groups were compared, Group 2 showed a marginal increase in fluoride concentration at different intervals of time, which was statistically nonsignificant.

Conclusions:

Fluor Protector varnish had an increased sustained release of fluoride ions when compared to APF gel, and there was a gradual decrease in the fluoride concentration which suggested that the fluoride concentration was approximating the baseline level (the safety level). The present study has provided a sound basis of recommendation for the safe and effective use of professionally applied fluoride products.

Keywords: Fluoride varnish, Fluor Protector, gel

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

Prasad SS, Thottathil AA, Neethu KS. Estimation and correlation of the amount of fluoride output in urine after the application of fluoride gel and fluoride varnish in children with early childhood caries. Int J Community Dent 2019;7:1-6.

Original Article

Year : 2018 | Volume : 6 | Issue : 2 | Page : 45 - 50

An Assessment of Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs of Professional Bus Drivers in Chennai

Aparna Sukumaran, Madan Kumar Parangimalai Diwakar, Shivakumar Mahadeva Shastry

Department of Public Health Dentistry, Ragas Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Address for correspondence:

Dr. Aparna Sukumaran,

Department of Public Health Dentistry, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

E‐mail: abi_aparna1986@yahoo.com

Abstract

Background:

Bus drivers represent a special population group or community who deserve to be attended both on oral and general health due to the various occupational and environmental hazards they encounter in their daily life. The aim of this study was to assess the oral health status and treatment needs of professional bus drivers in Chennai.

Methods:

Cross sectional data was collected from 860 professional bus drivers in Chennai city. A specially designed questionnaire was used to assess the demographic variables, oral hygiene practices, tobacco usage, sweet consumption and work related stress. A clinical examination was done according to WHO criteria 1997 and recorded using WHO oral health assessment form.

Results:

The mean age of the study population was 40.25 years. With regard to sweet score, about 739 (85.9%) drivers were in “watch out” zone. There was significant correlation between sweet scores and DMFT (P = .000). About 524 (60.9%) drivers felt stress at work, 78(9.1%) drivers had leukoplakia, 5 (0.6%) had ulceration, 7 (0.8%) had candidiasis and 30(3.5%) had other conditions. The mean DMFT was 5.53. About 471 (54,8%) had dental calculus, 107 (12.4%) had periodontal pocket depth 6mm or more.

Conclusion:

The oral health status of bus drivers was poor with high prevalence of periodontal disease and dental caries.

Keywords: Bus drivers, oral health status, treatment needs

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

How to cite this article:

Sukumaran A, Diwakar MK, Shastry SM. An assessment of oral health status and treatment needs of professional bus drivers in Chennai. Int J Community Dent 2018;6:45-50.